geroprobПроблемы геронаукиProblems of Geroscience2949-47452949-4753АНО «ОСО ИТЕМ»10.37586/2949-4745-2-2023-94-101geroprob-21Research ArticleОбзорыReviewsМеханизмы нейрокогнитивной адаптации при старенииMechanisms of Neurocognitive Adaptation during Aging Processhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9054-0881ЧердакМ. А.CherdakM. A.

Мария Алексеевна Чердак, канд. мед. наук, до­цент

ФДПО

кафедра болезней старения

Москва

Телефон: +7(926)560­42­89

Maria A. Cherdak, MD, PhD, Associate Professor

Faculty of Additional Professional Education

Department of Aging Diseases

Moscow

Phone: +7(926)5604289

maria.cherdak@yandex.ruФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России, Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центрРоссияRussian Gerontology Research and Clinical Centre, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian Federation2023181220230294101Copyright © Чердак М.А., 20232023Чердак М.А.Cherdak M.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.geronauka.com/jour/article/view/21

   Старение человека связано с повышенным риском формирования гериатрических синдромов, и когнитивные расстройства являются среди них одними из наиболее распространенных. Когнитивные нарушения, достигающие степени деменции, — одна из основных причин формирования зависимости у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста. Тем не менее показано, что структурные изменения головного мозга, возникающие при нормальном старении или ассоциированные с присоединением различных заболеваний, не всегда сопровождаются развитием клинической картины когнитивного дефицита, также нередка диссоциация выраженности морфологических и функциональных изменений головного мозга. В обзоре приведены актуальные данные об адаптивных механизмах, обеспечивающих сохранение когнитивной функции при старении. Помимо концепции мозгового и когнитивного резервов, обсуждаются отличные от них механизмы нейрокогнитивного поддержания и компенсации как в норме, так и при развитии болезни Альцгеймера. Обсуждается возможность их прижизненной оценки и практическая значимость.

   Human aging is associated with an increased risk of various geriatric syndromes, cognitive impairment being among the most frequent. The most prominent form of the cognitive impairment — dementia — has become one of the major course of dependency in older and oldest old patients. Nevertheless, it has been shown that despite the fact that various parts of the brain change structurally over time due to natural aging or diseases, it does not necessarily manifest into clinical symptoms for some older people. Therefore, there is a dissociation of the severity of morphological and functional brain changes. The review presents current data on adaptive mechanisms that ensure the preservation of neurocognitive activity during aging process. In addition to the concept of brain and cognitive reserves, different mechanisms of neurocognitive maintenance and compensation are discussed, both in the norm and in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The possibility of their clinical and instrumental assessment and practical significance are discussed.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.