The global population is undergoing rapid ageing, with increasing life expectancy resulting in a proliferation of age-related health problems. An increasing number of people are becoming vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases on an annual basis. These diseases are characterised by a progressive loss of nerve cells, motor or cognitive impairment, and the accumulation of abnormally aggregated proteins. A substantial body of research has demonstrated that oxidative stress can exert a multifaceted role in the development of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in addition to contributing to their progression and exacerbating the overall condition of patients. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of the ageing process, particularly in organs that require high energy, such as the heart, muscles, brain, and liver. The brain is particularly vulnerable to free radical damage due to its high oxygen demand, limited antioxidant protection, and high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are highly susceptible to oxidation. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism through which neurodegenerative diseases associated with disturbances in redox balance develop remains to be elucidated. A more profound comprehension of the molecular mechanisms associated with oxidative stress and neurodegeneration may facilitate the identification of novel avenues for the development of effective methods of prevention and treatment, which will have a favourable impact on the health of society.