Механизмы нейрокогнитивной адаптации при старении

   Старение человека связано с повышенным риском формирования гериатрических синдромов, и когнитивные расстройства являются среди них одними из наиболее распространенных. Когнитивные нарушения, достигающие степени деменции, — одна из основных причин формирования зависимости у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста. Тем не менее показано, что структурные изменения головного мозга, возникающие при нормальном старении или ассоциированные с присоединением различных заболеваний, не всегда сопровождаются развитием клинической картины когнитивного дефицита, также нередка диссоциация выраженности морфологических и функциональных изменений головного мозга. В обзоре приведены актуальные данные об адаптивных механизмах, обеспечивающих сохранение когнитивной функции при старении. Помимо концепции мозгового и когнитивного резервов, обсуждаются отличные от них механизмы нейрокогнитивного поддержания и компенсации как в норме, так и при развитии болезни Альцгеймера. Обсуждается возможность их прижизненной оценки и практическая значимость.

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